⚡ Get a cash offer in 5 - 10 minutes • Hardin County, KY
Sell My House Fast in Elizabethtown, KY — We Buy Houses for Cash
To sell your house fast in Elizabethtown, KY, send your address, condition and preferred date today. We buy houses in Elizabethtown, KY as-is. Review a written cash offer, then choose an available closing date after ownership, title and payoffs are confirmed.
A clear offer for your house as it stands today.
Elizabethtown market watch
Compare the Market With Your Own Selling Costs
For the three months ending September 2026, Redfin’s Elizabethtown city report described the market as somewhat competitive, with a 43/100 Compete Score. Median days on market increased by one day year over year. If your home is ready for retail buyers and your schedule allows marketing time, a listing may be worthwhile. If preparation or holding costs change that calculation, compare a written cash offer with a realistic listing estimate.
Source: supplied Redfin September 2026 city housing-market report, retrieved October 16, 2026. These figures describe Elizabethtown city, not Hardin County or ZIP 42701. The report’s separate roughly 56-day pending measure is different from its 63-day median days on market. A city median does not value your individual house.
Current-condition purchase
Sell It Exactly as It Sits in Elizabethtown
We buy houses in Elizabethtown, KY in their present condition. Request an offer before turning the property into a renovation project. For parcels in the city’s Floodplain Overzone, permitted repair options can depend on the work and the parcel; a generic remodeling budget may miss those requirements.
The written agreement sets the condition, access, leave-behind items and any cancellation rights. Read our as-is selling guide and explanation of cash-offer pricing before comparing terms.
Housing history, used carefully
Selling a House in Elizabethtown’s Neighborhoods
The 2022 amended comprehensive plan, pages 274–278, describes older central housing and later construction. Its broad profiles draw on NeighborhoodScout; they are historical descriptions rather than certified neighborhood boundaries or a 2026 inventory. Use the individual home’s records and condition when choosing what to repair.
| Neighborhood / District | Housing Profile | Common Challenges We Resolve | Seller Scenario |
|---|---|---|---|
| City Center/Core Business District | Small-to-medium single-family homes and apartment complexes; many 1940–1969 homes and a substantial 1970–1999 group in the plan’s historical profile. | We can evaluate current condition if the owner prefers to avoid updating. No neighborhood-specific defect pattern is established by the plan. | Illustrative: compare renovation quotes with an as-is offer for an older home. |
| West Dixie Avenue/South Maple Street | Small-to-medium single-family homes and apartment complexes; 1970–1999 residences and some 1940–1969 homes. | Review actual work and permit records if an addition or renovation raises a question; age alone does not establish a violation. | Illustrative: decide whether to document and update the house or request a direct offer. |
| Gaithers | Small-to-medium single-family homes and small apartment buildings; many built since 2000 at plan preparation, with some 1970–1999 residences. | Evaluate the building and ownership documents individually; the historical profile does not establish present-day repair needs. | Illustrative: compare a prepared listing with a current-condition sale on an available date. |
Scenarios are examples, not claims about local seller frequency or past MHIC purchases. The plan’s citywide median construction year of 1988 comes from ACS 2013–2017, so it should not be treated as a current housing-age estimate.
Conditions that change the decision
What Can Change an Elizabethtown Repair Budget?
Karst, drainage and loss of support
Regional tendency; parcel-specific exposure. The Kentucky Geological Survey’s Hardin County guidance describes susceptible limestone, residual clay and filled karst depressions. Supporting soil can subside or wash into limestone openings; drainage through permeable fill can accelerate the loss.
A new ground depression, recurring settlement of filled ground or new structural movement warrants investigation at any construction age. A mapped karst setting does not diagnose damage. Keep engineering and repair records, compare specialist bids with an as-is offer and ask the insurer about the relevant subsidence peril. See the USGS Elizabethtown limestone-terrain study.
Water entry and local overlays
Localized floodplain or drainage setting. Floodwater or overloaded surface/subsurface drainage can enter lower areas in homes of any age. The city regulates both a Floodplain Overzone and a separate Freeman Lake Overzone.
Review water history, high-water marks, damaged lower-level finishes, recurring ponding and drainage repairs. Check the parcel through the Stormwater Department and FEMA before budgeting: floodplain development and substantial-improvement rules can affect repair options. Obtain a property-specific insurance quote.
Radon needs a test, not a visual guess
Regional screening concern. Kentucky’s geology-based radon mapping includes Hardin County. Radon from soil and rock can enter through ground-contact openings, with or without a basement. There is no reliable visible, taste or smell indicator.
Review actual tests and mitigation records. A buyer may arrange testing and negotiate a response; Kentucky’s standard home-inspection scope excludes radon and other listed environmental hazards, including mold, and wood-destroying organisms. Specialized testing may be separate. No citywide elevated-radon rate or automatic insurance-denial rule is established here.
Permit and insurance records matter
For unfinished work, confirm parcel jurisdiction with Planning and Development. The city’s current page links its GovBuilt application, document, payment and inspection portal. Code Enforcement handles property maintenance, zoning compliance, nuisances and unsafe conditions.
The Kentucky Department of Insurance explains wind/hail percentage deductibles and actual-cash-value versus replacement-cost roof settlements. Check the actual policy before treating insurance proceeds as the repair budget.
The Kentucky FAIR Plan offers basic property coverage for eligible applicants unable to obtain voluntary-market coverage, subject to underwriting. Its June 2026 homeowner manual requires wiring updated to current standards for dwellings over 40 years old at application and addresses leaking or worn roofs, electrical deficiencies and unrepaired damage. Those are program-specific provisions; obtain terms for the actual home.
These conditions can lead a conventional buyer to request more investigation, a repair allowance or changed terms; some may withdraw. Financing and insurance outcomes depend on the property and provider. None of these regional concerns establishes that a particular Elizabethtown house is defective.
Interactive planning tool
AS-IS Repair Cost Estimator
Use a broad planning range to compare listing preparation with selling in current condition. This is not an inspection, appraisal, contractor quote, MHIC offer or guarantee. In Hardin County’s karst setting, an ordinary interior budget cannot price loss of ground support; obtain a specialist assessment when indicated.
Actual costs vary substantially with scope, materials, labor, permitting, access and concealed damage. Permit fees, engineering, structural/karst remediation, floodplain compliance, radon mitigation and other specialist work are excluded. The contingency does not price those exclusions. Get itemized bids; this estimate is not an automatic deduction from a cash offer.
Compare proceeds and terms
Cash Sale vs. Traditional Listing in Elizabethtown
A traditional sale may produce a higher gross price, but commissions, seller closing costs, repairs, concessions and ongoing holding expenses reduce the amount you ultimately keep. A direct cash sale generally prioritizes speed, certainty and convenience rather than the highest possible gross price.
Elizabethtown’s supplied 63-day median days on market excludes the contract-to-closing stage. Use your actual monthly costs and repair bids when comparing that marketing period with an available cash closing date.
| Decision point | Traditional listing | Direct cash sale with MHIC |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Price | Potentially higher gross price | Usually lower than full retail value |
| Commissions | Agent commission may apply | No agent commission |
| Closing Costs | Seller closing costs may apply | MHIC pays normal closing costs |
| Property Condition | Repairs or buyer credits may be requested | Property sold as-is |
| Contingencies | Financing and appraisal contingencies | No buyer-financing contingency |
| Timeline | Longer and less predictable timeline | Seller selects an available closing date |
Compare Your Estimated Selling Options
Use our adjustable calculator to compare a traditional listing with a direct cash sale using your property’s estimated value and expenses.
Use the Net-Proceeds Calculator →The signed contract controls. Review any inspection, title, cancellation or assignment terms. Seller mortgage, tax and lien payoffs and negotiated exceptions can reduce proceeds even when MHIC pays normal closing costs.
Authority and deadlines come first
Probate, Foreclosure Deadlines, and Complicated Title Situations in Elizabethtown
Inherited property: the $30,000 figure does not transfer a house
AOC-830 concerns personal property, not authority to sell inherited real estate. Kentucky’s Petition to Dispense With Administration requires a District Court order using AOC-830.1. Review the deed and the lawful sale authority separately with the closing attorney.
The $30,000 personal-property/money exemption belongs to a surviving spouse or qualifying surviving children; it is not a universal gross-estate ceiling. Under KRS 395.455, effective July 15, 2026, that exemption, alone or with applicable preferred claims, must equal or exceed distributable assets. For a testate estate without a spouse, the children’s exemption concerns personal property or money bequeathed to them.
The statute specifies no fixed post-death waiting period, but transfer still requires the court’s order and applicable procedure. An unallocated distributable balance or unmet exemption/preferred-claim conditions prevents use of that basis for dispensing. A qualifying preferred creditor or person may be eligible under the payment, entitlement and waiver conditions; absence of a spouse or child does not automatically end the inquiry.
Probate matters are handled by Hardin District Court, with filings through the Office of Circuit Court Clerk, at Hardin County Justice Center, 120 E. Dixie Avenue, Elizabethtown, KY 42701. Confirm the proper court and required procedure before committing to a closing date. Our inherited-house guide explains broader selling options.
Other Kentucky probate qualifications to check
KRS 395.450 uses the District Court with administration jurisdiction. Venue generally follows the decedent’s residence, with statutory alternatives for no known Kentucky residence and residence on a military post or reservation. Kentucky domicile is not an absolute condition for every estate.
AOC-830 includes a no-previous-administration certification. If administration already exists, KRS 395.490 allows a different procedure involving notice to the representative, administration costs, settled accounts and revocation of letters. A mandatory in-person hearing for every AOC-830 petition is not established by the cited form.
KRS 395.470’s written-agreement route is separate: it requires no estate debts, all beneficiaries’ written agreements, applicable tax provision, probate/representative prerequisites and creditor advertising, including six weeks of courthouse posting. Ask counsel which route, if any, applies.
Foreclosure: work from the actual lawsuit and sale notice
Kentucky mortgage foreclosure is judicial: a complaint in Hardin Circuit Court is followed by a court-ordered sale administered locally by the Master Commissioner. The complaint and summons initiate the lawsuit and give notice; a separate recorded lis pendens memorandum identifies the pending property litigation.
A cash sale is one possible option only if the owner has legal authority and enough time to complete it before the scheduled sale, with the required claims addressed. An offer or signed purchase contract does not itself postpone a court sale. Ask your servicer and attorney for the actual reinstatement or payoff terms; there is no universal arrears-only deadline supplied here.
Answer periods, publication, cure rights and the scheduled venue
- The ordinary civil summons directs an answer within 20 days after service, counting from the next day, and warns of default judgment. Alternative service procedures can change the case procedure.
- KRS 426.560 generally requires newspaper publication of the property, time, place and terms, in addition to applicable postings, unless the parties agree otherwise. KRS 424.130 generally calls for at least one publication 7–21 days before the event; case orders and local rules also matter.
- The Hardin commissioner’s stated practice is advertising in The News-Enterprise on three consecutive Wednesdays, with property, website and Justice Center bulletin-board postings. This is office practice rather than a universal three-week state minimum.
- For statutorily defined high-cost home loans, KRS 360.100(2)(s) requires written default/right-to-cure notice at least 30 days before initiating foreclosure or another judicial termination process. That exception does not apply to every mortgage.
- For covered mortgages, 12 CFR 1024.41(f) generally restricts the first foreclosure notice or filing until the borrower is more than 120 days delinquent, subject to exceptions. It is not an auction deadline. The answer and publication periods do not establish one complete default-to-sale timeline.
- The supplied October 16, 2026 schedule snapshot listed an October 21, 2026 sale at 2:00 p.m. at Hardin County Justice Center, 120 East Dixie Avenue. The exact room or entrance was not verified. Check the property’s judgment, order and current notice; this snapshot does not identify your deadline.
KRS 426.530 provides six months from a qualifying judicial sale to redeem if the price is below two-thirds of appraised value. Redemption requires the purchase money, 10% annual interest and qualifying reasonable maintenance/repair costs through the court clerk. Do not assume every sale carries that right or delay action because a right might exist.
Title questions: identify the record before estimating proceeds
The Hardin County Clerk’s search guide explains that land records are not indexed by street address. Use PVA ownership and deed book/page information, then the grantor/grantee index and recorded instruments. A single deed lookup does not establish clear title. Heirship, mortgages, recorded claims and unpaid taxes may require different documents and payoffs.
If the examination identifies a recorded code-enforcement claim, ask the responsible office and counsel what balance, release or court action is needed; a maintenance notice alone should not be treated as proof of a recorded lien. The city’s Code Enforcement Division is at 200 West Dixie Avenue, second floor, and 270-765-6121.
The recording authority is the Hardin County Clerk’s Office, Real Estate Recordings, Hardin County Government Building, 150 North Provident Way, Suite 103, Elizabethtown, KY 42701; 270-765-2171. This is a different office from the Circuit Court Clerk at the Justice Center.
My House Into Cash provides a direct purchasing option, not legal, tax, probate, foreclosure-defense or financial advice. Consult the court clerk, county tax collector, a Kentucky real estate attorney, a tax professional or another qualified adviser about your circumstances. No purchase offer guarantees court approval, foreclosure prevention, lien removal, tax forgiveness or title clearance.
Use the actual payoff
Hardin County Taxes Can Change the Amount You Keep
The Hardin County Sheriff’s Tax Department publishes this schedule for 2026 county tax bills. If you are comparing closing dates, ask the closer to use the applicable collection stage and the parcel’s current balance.
| Period | Published collection stage |
|---|---|
| November 1–30, 2026 | Discount period |
| December 1–31, 2026 | Face amount |
| January 1–31, 2027 | Delinquency begins January 1; 5% penalty |
| February 1–April 15, 2027 | 21% effective addition in the later sheriff collection stage |
The Kentucky Department of Revenue explains the 10% penalty plus 10% sheriff add-on fee behind the effective 21% addition. Unpaid bills transfer to the clerk at close of business April 15 as certificates of delinquency; statutory interest is 1% per month, including a fraction of a month, with applicable additional fees.
For delinquent bills, request the actual payoff from the Hardin County Clerk, 270-765-2171; the clerk cautions that its online calculator is not suitable for legal title work. For current county bills, contact the sheriff at 150 North Provident Way, Suite 101; 270-765-5133, option 1.
The sheriff explains that the closing agent or attorney usually calculates tax proration; settlement may pay the bill or allocate a credit. The sheriff requires the entire bill rather than separate prorated payments. Confirm your settlement statement and obtain advice about your own tax position.
From agreement to proceeds
What Happens Between Accepting Your Cash Offer and Getting Paid in Elizabethtown?
This is an illustrative five-day target sequence for a ready-to-close transaction, not a statutory timetable, a local average or a guaranteed closing. Estate authority, title issues, payoff responses, document execution and funding can extend it. Agree on an available date after those requirements are reviewed.
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Day 0: Mutual agreement and signed purchase contract
Put the price, as-is condition, review and cancellation rights, possession, items left behind and target date in writing. In a direct MHIC purchase, there are zero MHIC fees and zero agent commissions, and MHIC pays normal closing costs. Identify seller debts and any negotiated exceptions separately. Verify the purchasing party and funds with our cash-buyer checklist.
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Days 1–2: Title search and property-record review
The selected closing provider identifies the parcel from PVA and deed information, searches the clerk’s grantor/grantee index or book/page and examines recorded instruments under the local search process. Obtain relevant permit or code records when the property raises a question. Recorded lien information is held by the clerk; the Master Commissioner does not perform a purchaser’s title search.
Collier Title Company, LLC, 232 West Poplar Street, Elizabethtown; 270-763-6589, is one verifiable local example offering closing, title and escrow services. No MHIC partnership is asserted; confirm the actual provider for your transaction. A legal title opinion requires licensed counsel.
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Days 2–4: Obtain payoffs and address title conditions
The closer requests mortgage and applicable recorded-claim payoffs, verifies delinquent taxes with the county clerk and identifies documents needed to satisfy title conditions. Any release or cure must be supported by the appropriate party or order. The actual response time determines whether the target closing remains available.
An owner’s title policy protects covered ownership interests against specified prior problems, subject to exceptions; a lender’s policy protects the lender. Confirm policy terms and premium allocation in the contract.
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Day 5 target: Sign, record and release proceeds when ready
The contract and title circumstances determine the deed. Kentucky recognizes general-warranty and special-warranty covenants. A deed acknowledged before an authorized notary or clerk can qualify for recording; KRS 382.130 also provides witness-proof alternatives. It does not require two additional subscribing witnesses for every acknowledged deed.
An ordinary sale deed requires statutory consideration information and a sworn, notarized consideration certificate signed by grantor and grantee or authorized agents, subject to exceptions. Have counsel review spousal interests and any required release rather than assuming a spouse’s signature is always required or unnecessary.
The deed is submitted to Hardin County Clerk Real Estate Recordings; paper and electronic recording are available, subject to recording and source-of-title requirements. Kentucky settlement-provider guidance documents check or bank wire options for proceeds. Confirm disbursement and bank availability with the actual closer; signing alone does not make cleared funds immediately available.
Kentucky permits nonlawyer agents to perform ministerial closing functions without giving legal advice under KBA Opinion U-31. Legal questions require counsel. For electric service transfer, Kentucky Utilities and Nolin RECC serve different addresses; confirm your supplier. This utility check is not a claim that an ordinary electric bill is a title lien.
Elizabethtown and the surrounding region
Explore Elizabethtown on Google Maps
Explore Elizabethtown using Google Maps below. Our geographic review area extends 75 straight-line miles from Elizabethtown’s Census geographic centroid, 37.7011582, −85.8790098. Send the full property address to confirm whether we can evaluate it.
Pan and zoom to explore nearby communities. This Google map provides a geographic overview; service for each property requires confirmation. The listed place centers were screened with Census internal points; Louisville uses the metro-government balance geography. Open in Google Maps.
For a fixed relocation schedule, compare this sale option with renting or holding against your actual move date. Fort Knox publishes incoming and outgoing PCS sponsorship requirements; the practical comparison is a planning inference for an affected homeowner, not a claim about how often local owners sell. See our Kentucky coverage page for statewide context.
Terms in Kentucky paperwork
Elizabethtown Real Estate & Legal Terms Homeowners Should Know
- Certificate of delinquency
- An unpaid property-tax bill transferred to the county clerk that represents a lien and can be sold to a third-party purchaser; obtain an actual payoff before closing. Source ↗
- Master Commissioner sale
- A court-ordered property sale administered under the case’s judgment and order of sale; it differs from an owner’s negotiated voluntary sale. Source ↗
- Dispense with administration
- A Kentucky court procedure that can avoid ordinary estate administration when its conditions are met. AOC-830 concerns personal property and does not itself authorize an inherited-house sale. Source ↗
- PVA
- Property Valuation Administrator, the county assessment official. Assessment records help identify a parcel and owner; they do not certify marketable title. Source ↗
- Lis pendens
- A recorded memorandum identifying pending litigation affecting real property; a buyer’s title examiner must consider the case before proceeding. Source ↗
- Dower / curtesy
- Kentucky statutory surviving-spouse interests that can require review of spousal joinder or release during a sale; the current statute changed in July 2026. Source ↗
Elizabethtown seller questions
Frequently Asked Questions
Which residential ZIP codes do you review in Elizabethtown and the surrounding communities?
Elizabethtown’s principal residential street-delivery ZIP is 42701. The directory below covers the named surrounding communities and additional nearby postal areas, including the principal residential ZIPs in Louisville and Bowling Green.
| Postal community / area | Residential street-delivery ZIP codes |
|---|---|
| Elizabethtown | 42701 |
| Radcliff | 40160 |
| Vine Grove / Flaherty / Big Spring | 40175 |
| Rineyville | 40162 |
| Cecilia / Stephensburg / Vertrees | 42724 |
| Eastview / Meeting Creek / Summit | 42732 |
| Glendale | 42740 |
| Sonora | 42776 |
| Upton | 42784 |
| West Point | 40177 |
| White Mills | 42788 |
| Fort Knox | 40121 |
| Muldraugh | 40155 |
| Hodgenville | 42748 |
| Lebanon Junction | 40150 |
| New Haven | 40051 |
| Shepherdsville | 40165 |
| Bardstown | 40004 |
| Brandenburg | 40108 |
| Leitchfield | 42754 |
| Munfordville | 42765 |
| Springfield | 40069 |
| Horse Cave | 42749 |
| Campbellsville | 42718 |
| Bowling Green | 42101, 42103, 42104 |
| Louisville | 40202, 40203, 40204, 40205, 40206, 40207, 40208, 40209, 40210, 40211, 40212, 40213, 40214, 40215, 40216, 40217, 40218, 40219, 40220, 40222, 40223, 40228, 40229, 40241, 40242, 40243, 40245, 40258, 40272, 40291, 40299 |
ZIPs can cross city and county lines. This directory identifies postal codes for the named communities. Confirm property eligibility using the full street address. Fort Knox addresses require property-specific ownership and sale-authority review. Its additional postal code 40122 needs an address-specific check; it is not used here to assert residential coverage. Likewise, verify a complete property address if using Louisville 40293 rather than assuming that a mailing code identifies a residential area.
PO Box-only codes are excluded from residential coverage: examples include Elizabethtown 42702, Radcliff 40159, Leitchfield 42755, Campbellsville 42719 and Bowling Green 42102. Check the actual property address with USPS ZIP Code Lookup. ZIP names and classifications were cross-checked against the Kentucky ZIP directory; use USPS for the current mailing address.
How do I sell my house fast in Elizabethtown, KY?
Send the full property address, known condition, ownership information and preferred date. We review the house, explain a written offer and coordinate an available closing if you accept and the title, authority and payoff requirements can be met. Hardin County’s land records are not indexed by street address, so deed book/page or ownership documents can help the closing provider identify the right records.
How do I sell my house for cash in Elizabethtown, KY?
Compare the written price and estimated proceeds, verify buyer funds and read the review, cancellation, assignment and cost-allocation terms. The closer needs actual mortgage, tax and applicable lien payoffs. For delinquent taxes, the Hardin County Clerk’s online calculator is not suitable for legal title work; request the confirmed payoff.
Can I sell my house as-is in Elizabethtown, KY?
Yes, you can request an MHIC offer without completing repairs first. Share known water history, engineering reports, permits and radon results. Karst and flood-overlay concerns are parcel-specific; the condition review helps identify what the offer and contract need to address. Agree on access and any items left behind in writing.
Can I sell a house fast in Elizabethtown, Kentucky before a military move?
A direct offer can be compared with listing, renting or holding against your actual move date. Fort Knox publishes PCS sponsorship requirements, but those requirements do not establish a property-closing deadline. Confirm title, payoffs and the available closing date before relying on sale proceeds for the move.
How should I compare cash home buyers in Elizabethtown, KY?
Compare the exact purchasing party, proof of funds, written net price, inspection and cancellation rights, assignment provisions and any post-review price changes. Confirm the actual title or closing provider. Collier Title is a documented local service-provider example on this page, not a confirmed MHIC partner or a required provider.
What should I ask cash buyers for houses in Elizabethtown, KY about closing costs?
Ask for a written settlement estimate showing the purchase price, normal closing costs paid by MHIC, seller mortgage and tax payoffs, recorded claims and any negotiated exceptions. There is no verified uniform Hardin County title-premium allocation stated here; the contract controls. The sheriff’s tax-proration guidance also calls for payment of the entire tax bill rather than separate prorated payments.
Does the $30,000 simplified-probate rule let me sell an inherited house?
No. The AOC-830 process concerns qualifying personal property and requires a District Court order. The $30,000 exemption is for a surviving spouse or qualifying children, not an automatic house-sale authority or a universal gross-estate ceiling. Have the proper court, probate lawyer and title provider confirm the real-estate transfer path and who can sign.
Can a cash sale stop a Hardin County foreclosure?
No buyer can guarantee that result. A sale may be possible when the owner has legal authority and enough time to complete it before the scheduled judicial sale, with the required claims addressed. A purchase contract does not itself postpone a sale. Ask your attorney and servicer about the actual case, payoff and any applicable cure rights.
Does ground settlement mean my Elizabethtown house has sinkhole damage?
No. Hardin County’s karst setting is a regional screening concern, not a diagnosis for an individual home. New depressions, recurring settlement or structural movement call for a qualified site or engineering assessment. Keep the findings and repair records when comparing specialist work with a current-condition offer.
Can I count on receiving my money on day five?
The five-day sequence is only an illustrative target for a transaction that is ready to close. Ownership authority, title conditions, payoff responses and funding can extend it. Kentucky providers document check or wire options, but signing alone does not establish when proceeds are cleared and available. Confirm disbursement with the actual closer.
Request a Cash Offer for Your Elizabethtown House
Share the address, known condition, ownership details and preferred timing. Compare the written offer and estimated proceeds with listing, repairing or keeping the house, then choose the option that fits your plans.
Get My No-Obligation Cash Offer →Primary sources
Official Elizabethtown Homeowner Resources
Use the office and record for your own parcel; postal boundaries and city jurisdiction may differ.